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CYPRINODONTIDAE CYPRINODONTIDAE (KILLIES, ETC.) The Cyprinodonts (meaning “toothcarps”) flourish in virtually all the world’s tropical inland waters (Australia excepted), with over 500 species in all. They have teeth, and their mouths are oriented upwards to seize prey on or near the surface; some species can even leap out of the water. They dwell in calm, stagnant, and shallow waters, sometimes mere puddles, which are liable to dry up. In this case, the adults perish, but their eggs survive: see Reproduction, page 60. They are small in size, rarely exceeding 8 cm. vividly colored, and are prized by some enthusiasts for their remarkable breeding habits. There is much confusion between species, especially since coloration varies between geographically diverse populations. Only a few are regularly handled by dealers; most are exchanged between killiefanciers, killies or killifish being the popular name for these species. How killies reproduce Those killies whose habitat never dries out deposit sticky eggs which take several weeks to incubate. Those dwelling in areas prone to periodic drought have developed a special method to ensure the survival of their species. The eggs spawned in the mud undergo a period of dormancy in their development (the diapause) for as long as the drought lasts. At the first rains, development resumes and the eggs hatch. Thus their incubation period may last from 3-6 months, and they have no need to be adhesive. You can tell that hatching is imminent when you can see the eyes of the embryos through the eggs. Caring for killies in the aquarium Ideally, you should provide a special small tank (10-15 liters) for each species. It is also possible to put males of different species in one tank; this will provide a colorful spectacle, but do not put females together, as many of them are so much alike that you will have trouble telling which species is which, Conditions must be soft and acidic, so you will need to use peat filtration; sometimes, if you put a layer of peat on the bottom of the tank, the fish will use it to lay their eggs on. The maximum temperature should be 24 C. Killifish are very fond of small, live prey, but will also take dried foods. Preserving and transporting eggs Hobbyists who live a long way from one another can exchange killie eggs through the mail. The incubation period is sufficiently long to enable them to be transported, as long as they are kept in damp, cool conditions. The seasonal species can withstand much drier conditions than continuous breeders: lower temperatures serve to prolong the diapause. Make sure that the boxes or plastic bags used for transport are completely airtight. To start the eggs hatching, return them to water.
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FRESHWATER FISH ATHERINIDAE The Atherinidae are characterized by long, streamlined bodies which immediately suggest their speed and agility in the water. They are preponderantly marine species, with very few inhabiting inland waters. Telmatherina ladigesi Some experts consider that the Celebes rainbowfish belongs to another family: the Telmatherinidae. T. ladigesi lives in shoals, preferring hard water and uncrowded conditions. The rays on the dorsal fin are more developed in the male. Size: 6-8 cm Bedotia geayi The Madagascar rainbow appears more or less indifferent to water quality and is a restless swimmer. It is reasonably straightforward to breed, as the parent fish will not devour the eggs, which sink to the bottom and hatch in 5 days. Feed the fry on live prey until they are ready for fine dried food. Size: 10 cm. MELANOTAENIIDAE (RAINBOWFISH) Commonly called rainbowfish, they come form the rivers and swamps of Australia and New Guinea. They thrive best in hard water with a pH above 7. Coloration varies according to mood, breeding condition, and hierarchical position. Water quality is not too important. Melanotaenia boesemani Boeseman’s rainbowfish is one of the most colorful of this family, and another which prefers hard water. Breeding is straightforward, though the fry accept only tiny prey. Another gorgeously colored species, M. herbertaxelrodi (Lake Tebera rainbowfish), is sometimes available commercially. Size: 10-12 cm.
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CATFISH Synodontis nigriventris (Mochokidae) The adult of the black-bellied upside-down catfish swims, as the name suggests, belly upwards, while juveniles behave quite normally. A nocturnal, peaceable species, it is omnivorous, but will require a small amount of extra vegetable material. Rarely breeds in captivity. Size: 10cm. Synodontis petricola (Mochokidae) Like S. nigriventris, the evenspotted synodontis is a native of Africa. It swims in a normal position and often remains hidden during the day. A few other species of Synodontis are available commercially. Size: 10 cm. Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Siluridae) The glass catfish or ghost catfish, one of the few aquarium species with a transparent body, has two long barbels acting as organs of touch. In the wild it lives - and breeds - in shoals in open water. It is not suitable for mixing with boisterous species, and will not spawn in the aquarium. Size: 10-12 cm. Eutropiellus debauwi (Schilbidae) A good swimmer, the three-striped glass catfish lives in shoals, frequently hanging in an oblique position, and is likely to die if kept in isolation for long. Omnivorous, it prefers soft, acidic conditions, seldom spawning in captivity. Size: 8 cm. Pimelodus pictus (Pimelodidae) A twilight species, somewhat solitary, the angelicus pimelodus lives on the bottom and requires plenty of swimming space. As yet it has not been successfully bred in captivity. Size: 15 cm. Pangasius sutchi (Pangasiidae) An omnivorous species, the Siamese shark swims restlessly in shoals, and will need a capacious tank. There is no evidence of successful captive breeding. Size: 20-30 cm.
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FRESHWATER FISH Hypostomus plecostomus (Loricariidae) The pleco feeds on algae, spending the night on the bottom. Once it has reached a certain size, it can become invasive and disturb the decor, so it needs a roomy tank. Size: 20 cm. Ancistrus sp. (Loricariidae) Several species of the bristlenose are sold in commercial outlets under a confusing variety of names. Mature males can be distinguished by the presence of long barbels on the head. Ancistrus browses encrustant algae. The female deposits her eggs on carefully selected sites, though captive breeding is rare. Size: 13 cm. Farlowella sp. (Loricariidae) The mouth of the twig catfish is positioned well back underneath the head. This is a nocturnal bottom-dweller, not known to spawn in captivity. Size: 15 cm. A LITTLE SCAVENGER FOR THE BEGINNER: OTOCINCLUS VITTATUS (LORICARIIDAE) This is a small, peaceable fish that lives on a diet of algae. It very rarely spawns in captivity. Size: 5 cm. Acanthodoras spinossimus (Doradidae) The talking catfish has spines along its pectoral fins. It prefers darkness and soft, acidic conditions. It is omnivorous and quite shy. Size: 12 cm. Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Gyrinocheilidae) The Chinese algaeeater has a sucker-like mouth for grazing algae. As this fish grows, it can become aggressive. It clings to rocks, foliage or the glass. Size: 1 5-20 cm. Sorubim lima (Pimelodidae) The peaceable shovel-nose catfish can reach 60 cm in length; a spacious aquarium is therefore essential. Mainly nocturnal; it is a greedy feeder, taking live prey or fresh food. There is a serrated spine on each pectoral fin.
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CATFISH CORYDORAS SPECIES FOR THE BEGINNER Two robust and sturdy species are particularly recommended to the beginner. The aeneus catfish or bronze catfish (Corydoras aeneus) is rather drab: there is also an albino variety created through artificial selection. As with many Corydoras species, the male’s dorsal and pectoral fins are more pointed than the female’s. The peppered corydoras (C. paleatus) has long been familiar to aquarists, and is raised in South-East Asia. The female lays 50 eggs a day, sticking them to a suitable surface, even the walls of the aquarium; she may continue laying like this for several weeks. Size: 5 cm. Corydoras paleatus Corydoras aeneus Albino variety. Corydoras aeneus Corydoras metae (Callichthyidae) The female of the bandit catfish fastidiously cleans plants or the glass of the tank before sticking her eggs to them. Size: 5 cm. Corydoras julii (Callichthyidae) One of the most attractive Corydoras species is the leopard catfish, so known because of its distinctive spot pattern. Rather shy, and difficult to breed, it is easily confused with species having similar markings. Size: 5 cm. Corydoras schwartzi (Callichthyidae) Schwartz’s corydoras is often confused with other species: its coloration varies according to region. Given that there are over 150 feral species of Corydoras, it is not hard to see how confusions arise in distinguishing between fish species. Size: 5 cm. BREEDING CORYDORAS Once considered extremely difficult, this is now within the scope of the experienced and meticulous hobbyist. There is a boisterous-mating display, with the male chasing the female for perhaps several days. Spawning may be triggered by a variation in atmospheric pressure, a water change, or a rise in temperature. The male stations himself near the female, sometimes hanging perpendicularly in the water, to ensure his milt thoroughly fertilizes the tiny eggs. The female takes the eggs between her ventral fins and deposits them on a suitable surface which she has previously meticulously cleaned. The pair may repeat this ritual several times and hatching takes place a few days later. Note that the fry are very sensitive to any changes in their environment.
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FRESHWATER FISH CATFISH Catfish belong to different families, but are all members of the order Siluriformes. They possess barbels, live a solitary life on the bottom, and are mainly twilight species. Not very fussy about water quality, they play a major part in maintaining the balance of the aquarium as they scavenge algae or particles which have sunk to the bottom. Two families are of particular importance: the Callichthyidae and the Loricariidae. The Callichthyidae include the genus Corydoras; these fish do not have scales, but their flanks are covered in layers of overlapping “shingles” (bony plates) They can also be recognized by the barbels round their mouths and the spines on their dorsal and pectoral fins. Their flat bellies indicate that they live and search for food (artificial, or small live prey) on the bottom; they are active mostly at dusk and during the night. Originally native to South America, Corydoras species are ideal subjects for keeping in a regional aquarium along with Characins, angelfish or discus. Ten or so species are currently available in the trade; others appear on the market intermittently. The Loricariidae live on the beds of streams and rivers in South America. Their mouths resemble suckers, their bodies are “armor-plated,” and they often have spines on their fins. All are either partially or completely herbivorous. It is very rare to hear of them breeding in captivity. Corydoras arcuatus (Callichthyidae) The skunk catfish. The Latin arcuatus (banded) refers to the broad black band running along the back from the eye to the caudal peduncle. Generally considered a difficult subject; this includes breeding. Size: 5 cm. Corydoras melanistus (Callichthyidae) The black-sail corydoras or black-spotted corydoras has a distinctive black smudge near the dorsal fin. The female lays 100-200 eggs which hatch in a week or so. Size: 5 cm. T Corydoras trinileatus (Callichthyidae) The arrangement of spots on the three-line corydoras varies according to its origins. Prefers diffused illumination. Harder to breed than the peppered cory. Size: 5 cm. Corydoras punctatus (Callichthyidae) In color, the spotted catfish resembles the skunk clownfish, with which it is often confused, but the black markings on the back are absent. Size: 5 cm. C schwartzi C. schwartzi (Surinam sub-species) C. melanistus C. melanistus (sub-species)
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Botia macracantha The clown loach is the most well-known and commercially successful species of the genus Botia. All species are bottomsifters, i.e., they search the substrate for food. None will breed in captivity. A twilight fish, mainly hiding away during the daytime, the clown loach can be aggressive when cramped for space or defending territory. Size: 15 cm. T Botia lohachata The Pakistani loach is less nocturnal than its relatives, and will not hide away when the aquarium is illuminated. Size: 10 cm. Botia modesta The orange-finned loach takes its name from the more or less pronounced reddish-orange coloration of the fins. Less common than other members of the genus. Size: 15 cm. Acanthopsis choirorhynchus The horse-faced loach or long-nosed loach is another twilight species, burying itself in the sand during daylight, with only its head showing. Size: 15 cm. Botia horae Hora’s loach changes color according to its moods, sometimes displaying pale banding. Rather more active than related species Size: 10-12 cm. Botia striata One of the prettiest of the loaches, the zebra loach has thin transverse bands along its body. Size: 10 cm. The four main species of Acanthophthalmus A. kuhli kuhli A. kuhli sumatranus A. myersi (slimy myersi) A. semincintus (half-banded loach)
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FRESHWATER FISH Other Cyprinidae: Balantiocheilus - Epalzeorhynchus - Tanichthys As well as the groups already mentioned, which arc those most commonly obtainable from commercial outlets, there are a few other species of interest to the amateur aquarist. Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus Tranquil enough - even timid - except with its own species, the flying fox is a bottom-feeder. It has not yet been successfully bred in the aquarium. A closely related species, E. siamensis or Siamese flying fox, has the reputation of keeping down green algae which can sometimes proliferate; it is distinguishable from E. kallopterus by the longitudinal black band running along the middle of the body only as far as the caudal fin. Size: 10-15 cm. Tanichthys albonubes The common name of this small fish is the white cloud mountain minnow. Beginners will find it worth trying for its sturdy constitution: it can withstand temperatures as low as 18 C. It is also simple to breed from, as the parents do not eat the eggs. Size: 5 cm. Balantiocheilus melanopterus You will need a large tank for the bala or tricolor shark, which revels in swimming and can leap out of the water. There is no evidence that it has been successfully bred in the aquarium. Size: 20-30 cm. COBITIDAE The Cobitidae are close relatives of the Cyprinidae and are found in both Europe and Asia. They possess a small number of barbels which they use to detect prey as they search the substrate. Given this feeding procedure, it is preferable to use a fairly fine, smooth sand. You can recognize these fish by the presence of a spine under the eye; this is designed for defense, but can also entangle the fish in the hand net. Loaches, as they are commonly known, are bottom-dwellers, and basically twilight species; they hide away during the day, so you will need to provide lurking places. They are happy with artificial food, but will not spawn in the aquarium. Acanthophthalmus kuhli The coolie loach. A number of species are available commercially under this name; they differ only in the pattern of their coloration. Shy and non-aggressive, they can leap through any tiny gap in the aquarium lid. They have been successfully bred with the aid of hormones, like the labeos; otherwise they rarely reproduce in captivity. Size: 12cm
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Shubukin The dorsal and caudal fins are markedly elongate. Coloration: variegated, with no fixed pattern. Size: 10-15 cm. Japanese veiltail The veiltail has a caudal fin composed of two or three lobes. Size: 10 cm. Though people often confuse koi with goldfish, these are in fact different varieties of carp selected (starting from the feral variety) over more than 1,000 years. They can reach 1 m in length, and the presence of barbels clearly distinguishes them from the smaller goldfish. Size: 20-50 cm. Telescope-eyed goldfish The eyes of this variety are globular and protruding; sometimes the dorsal fin is absent. The commonest varieties are entirely black. A close relative is the celestial goldfish. Size: 10 cm. CARING FOR GOLDFISH Goldfish must be kept in conditions corresponding to their natural habitat; the aquarium must be big enough to let them swim freely among the plants, while the substrate can be fairly coarse. Filter the water, but do not use heating: goldfish are considered hardy, but the maximum temperature should be 20-22 C, while below 5 C the fish become noticeably sluggish. Hardness and pH are not so critical as with other species of aquarium fish. The bubble-eye You can spot this variety at once by the bubblelike pocket under the eyes. The caudal fin may be normal, or divided into several lobes. Other varieties of goldfish exist; in addition, there is much crossbreeding between those mentioned here. In every case, color may be uniform or appear as red, yellow, gold, white or black splashes. Size: 10 cm. Lionhead The lionhead has protuberances in the form of swellings on top of the head. Sometimes there is no dorsal fin. Size: 10 cm. THE GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS): A ROARING COMMERCIAL SUCCESS Breeding goldfish, which are unlikely to go out of fashion, is an important commercial activity. Besides its popularity with hobbyists, it is used as live bait - under stringent legal conditions - for the capture of carnivores. The modern varieties are raised in Italy, though the most sophisticated forms (often called “Chinese”) are produced in Asia. A GOLDFISH HILTON If you want to offer your goldfish the very best conditions, keep them in a garden pool where they will grow much larger; they will overwinter safely, even if the water partially freezes. Breeding is by no means impossible outdoors, provided the minimum pool temperature is 19-20 C. However, the parents will try to gobble the eggs. The fry acquire the characteristic coloration only after several weeks.
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FRESHWATER FISH Labeos One look at the labeos’ shape reveals that they are bottom-dwellers in fast- flowing water: quite streamlined to minimize current drag, with a flat belly for resting on the bed and barbels for sensing prey on or in the substrate. These fish are primarily “twilight” (nocturnal) species; they are also aggressive toward conspecifics in defense of their territory, though coexisting peacefully with other species. As is the case with other aquarium fish, it has become possible to breed the labeo borrowing techniques recently developed by scientists for propagating marine species. This involves the use of hormones, and is a method unavailable to the amateur breeder. What happens is that the hypophysis - a small gland located at the base of the brain - is removed from carps or related species and crushed in a slightly saline solution. A minute quantity of this solution - containing the diluted hormone - is injected into the chosen fish; if she is “ripe,” she will start to lay within 24 hours, producing hundreds of eggs. Labeo frenatus Albino variety. Size: 10-15 cm. Labeo frenatus The red-finned shark or rainbow shark is distinguished from Labeo bicolor by a less intense body coloration and by its red fins. Sometimes a commercial albino variety is found, which can be mated with the normal variety; the fry will then display the coloration of one or other of the parents. Size: 10-15 cm. Labeo bicolor The red-tailed black shark, rather nocturnal in its habits, obtains its food by sifting the bed of its natural habitat. In captivity, it needs extra vegetable material. By day it lurks in various hiding places (rocks, roots, etc.) which form an essential part of the aquarium furnishings. Size: 10-15 cm. Goldfish varieties (Carp family) The goldfish: theme and variations The goldfish is the oldest “domesticated” fish; its story began long before hobbyists started keeping it in aquariums. The feral form, less brightly colored than the present fancy varieties, can reach 40-50 cm. Originating from Asia, it has now spread throughout all the temperate waters (5-25 C) of the globe. The classic red variety was selectively bred from feral stock, probably before the time of Christ, though breeding has made enormous advances since the Middle Ages. The earliest importations to Europe date from the 17th century, in the form of gifts made to the French royal family. There are many varieties, all of which have been isolated, after a long and painstaking series of selections, using the familiar red strain as a starting-point.
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